Gassing Palestinians: The Use of Lethal Gas in occupied Palestine
A new year begins and the terror of the Zionist entity continues. With the first day of 2011, Jawaher Abu Rahmah, 36 years old, died in hospital after being asphyxiated by the poisonous tear gas fired by Israeli occupation soldiers at Palestinians, Israelis and Internationals who were protesting the Israeli wall and the theft of Palestinian land in Bil’in the day before. On Friday, 31.12.2010, it was reported by many news outlets around the world that a resident of Bili’n was in critical condition after inhaling the poisonous gas. The next morning, Jawaher died, murdered; she was gassed to death. As usual, the Israeli occupation forces and their agents, the anonymous and the not-so-anonymous ones who come in all names and titles such as “reporters” and “medical experts”, started their usual spin of lies and propaganda about Jawaher’s murder. They claim Palestinians are contradicting themselves, when in fact it is the Israeli occupation army, with its lies and fake claims, the one that is contradicting itself with each and every lie. They first claimed Jawaher had cancer and died of it, then claimed that she wasn’t at the protest so she couldn’t have died from the effect of the gas (she was standing 200 meters away from the protest), then they claimed that the tear gas kills no one. So what is it that the Israeli occupation army is trying to prove? That the poisonous gas they use against Palestinians is not lethal and thus not the cause of Jawaher’s or any Palestinian’s death?
As usual, main stream media outlets, which often lecture on objectivity and neutrality, readily take the word of an anonymous Israeli military source for credible while ignoring the tens of named Palestinian and other eyewitnesses.
First of all, fact is, even if Jawaher Abu Rahmah had not been killed by tear gas, but had been shot dead by the Israeli occupation army, the IOF would have rushed to claim that she, standing with relatives and friends and watching the protest, was a threat to the fully-armed soldiers. So no matter with which weapon the Israeli occupation army murders Palestinians, whether live ammunition, tear gas or torture, it is always in “self-defence” and it is certainly always the “fault of the Palestinian”. The same record played over and over again: the Palestinians are responsible for their own death and the fully-armed Israeli soldiers were only protecting themselves from protesters armed with words, chants and Palestinian flags. As for claiming that the gas is not lethal, around 90 deaths during the First Intifada, when tear gas was used on daily basis, and over 20 deaths alone during the first two years of the second Intifada, contradict the Israeli claims. It is true that pregnant women, little children, patients and elderly are particularly susceptible to this gas, but its effect is lethal to everyone when it is in large concentration. Very much like “rubber bullets”, the word “tear gas” is misleading. It makes lethal weapons seem innocent, harmless. But tear gas is not so harmless to those who know it: it is an encounter with “near-death”, and an encounter with death for many. Anyone from occupied Palestine would have, not once, not twice, but certainly often, had an unwelcome encounter with the so-called “tear gas” and would easily describe its effects: You feel you are shocking, your throat pains and you can’t take any breath of air in.
The Zionist entity has a long history of using unknown and illegal weapons against the Palestinians, including the use of lethal and unknown chemicals and poisonous gases, since decades: (Source for years 1988-2004: http://www.vtjp.org/report/overview.htm – unless otherwise indicated)
1967: The use of Napalm
“In the West Bank and the Golan Heights, Israeli planes bombed villages and dropped napalm. Napalm rained on areas around Arab Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and the East Bank of the Jordan. Sami Oweida told the story of his family to a British professor. During the war his family left Jericho and tried to cross the King Hussein Bridge to the East Bank of the Jordan and relative safety. According to Oweida’s account: I saw a plane come down like a hawk directly at us. We threw ourselves on the ground and found ourselves in the midst of fire…. I tried to do something, but in vain. Fire was all around. I carried my burning child outside the fire. The burning people became naked. Fire stuck to my hands and face. I rolled over. The fire rolled with me. I saw another plane coming directly at us. I thought it was the end. I saw the pilot lean over and look at us. My daughter Labiba (four years old) died that night. Two children of my cousin also died. My daughter Adla (seventeen years old) died four days later.”[1]
March-April 1988: The use of an unknown green gas
“Former mayor of Nablus reports: “Fleets of helicopters fly over Nablus at night dropping a dense, green toxic gas over the city..” Doctors at Ittihad Hospital report several deaths and severe lung injuries from the unidentified asphyxiating chemical, “totally distinct from tear gas…” UNRWA doctors report symptoms not normally connected with tear gas. UNRWA seeks information on contents of the gas…to provide antidote… especially for the most vulnerable groups… pregnant women, the very young and elderly…””
29.10.2000: The use of an unknown gas
“Israeli occupation troops shoot gas canisters into schoolyard and classrooms at T’ku, near Bethlehem. Over 24 children suffer from gas inhalation and require hospitalization. Gas “differs from the standard tear-gas used around the world in dispersing demonstrations.” Spokesman for the Palestinian Health Ministry says it is “a semi-poisonous gas that leaves strong after effects, including spasmodic reactions, nervous reactions as well as strong abdominal pains…””
February-March 2001: The use of an unknown gas
Israel used a new gas against Palestinian civilians, which affected hundreds of Palestinians, including many children. James Brooks of VTJP investigated these attacks and in his report entitled “The Israeli Poison Gas Attacks of 2001” he gives a detailed account. According to Brooks, victims ”began feeling ill roughly five to ten minutes after their initial exposure, though shorter and longer periods were reported. Their suffering rapidly mushroomed, until they went into convulsions and lost consciousness. Many victims were incapacitated with multiple, agonizing symptoms for several days. Some victims, including children, were afflicted for at least several weeks. … Typically, victims remembered starting to feel weak and sick, with bad headaches and/or severe stomach pains and vomiting, proceeding directly to loss of consciousness… Some victims recall collapsing or being unable to stand before they passed out …. [Ambulance] Drivers spoke of people on the street jumping around, thrashing their limbs, out of control and uncontrollable, exhibiting violent spasms. They also noted that the victims seemed to be unaware of their actions and their surroundings, which may explain their failure to recall these early symptoms. Many adults were required to restrain each victim, so violent were the spasmodic convulsions induced by the gas.”
“At first the smoking gas had no effect. There was none of the instant irritation of the eyes and breathing passages caused by all forms of teargas. And the gas seemed to be odorless as well. … After a few minutes, a fragrance emerged from the gas. “Like mint,” several people said. One resident later recalled, “the smell was good. You want to breathe more. You feel good when you inhale it.” A girl reported that “its taste was like sugar. The smell was sweet”. “First… the smoke was white, then yellow, then black,” a teenage victim later recalled. Another victim said that the smoke changed colors “like a rainbow.” But mostly the smoke was black, and very sooty. When the gas canisters landed on homes, black smoke billowed so thickly that neighbors rushed to help, believing the houses had caught fire. Soon, however, people began to realize that the gas wasn’t harmless after all. One man recalled: “… ten – fifteen minutes later I got severe stomach cramps. I felt that my stomach was being torn apart. And a burning sensation in my chest. I couldn’t breathe.” People began to vomit, and go into seizures and spasms, then collapse and lose consciousness.”
Chronology
12.02.2001: “Israel begins a six-week campaign of “novel gas” attacks in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. Troops lob gas canisters into streets, courtyards, and houses of Khan Younis city and Gharbi refugee camp. Fifty people admitted to Al-Nasser Hospital “in an odd state of hysteria and nervous breakdown… fainting and spasms.” Sixteen have to be transferred to the intensive care unit. Doctors “reported the Israeli use of gas that appeared to cause convulsions.” At the Gharbi refugee camp, thirty-two people “were treated for serious injuries” following exposure to the gas. Dr. Salakh Shami, Al-Amal Hospital reports hospital received “about 130 patients suffering from gas inhalation…” Bewildered medical personnel had “never seen anything… like the gas at Tufa.” Victims were “jumping up and down, left and right… thrashing limbs around”, suffering “with convulsions… a kind of hysteria. They were all shaking.” Victims would fall unconscious, then ‘come to’ hours later to face convulsions, vomiting, disorientation and pain.”
13.02.2001: “For the second consecutive day, the Israeli occupation forces used a tear gas that caused spasms, breathing difficulty, and pains in the abdomen. Approximately 42 Palestinian civilians, including a number of children whose ages ranged from 1 to 5-years-old, were transferred to Nasser hospital and the Palestinian Red Crescent Society hospital for treatment for tear gas inhalation.”[2]
15.02.2001: “Three more poison gas canisters fired at houses in Gharbi refugee camp, “another 11 Palestinian civilians, mostly children, suffered from suffocation and spasms due to gas inhalation.” Ambulance driver, Nasser Hospital: “… a very serious gas. A gas we’ve never seen before… a dark smoke… without an odor, without anything… not like the usual teargas. It doesn’t make you tear up or irritate your mucus membranes… it has a sweet taste, a good taste… I was dealing with the gas patients for 3 days”.
18.02.2001: 41 Palestinians, mostly women and children, suffered from suffocation and spasms after inhaling gas fired by the IOF. “In Khan Yunis … dozens of Palestinian civilians, including children under 15, suffered from tear gas inhalation with unusually severe symptoms. These unique symptoms included convulsions throughout the body, difficulties in breathing and pains in the abdomen. Dozens of Palestinian civilians remain in hospitals in Khan Yunis because Palestinian physicians are not able to determine the proper course treatment in these cases. “One boy, who had inhaled a large amount of the gas in question, suffered in the hospital for an entire month with recurrent convulsions.”
March 2001: a gas attack was reported on the schoolyard of Al-Khader village, near Bethlehem. “Thirteen year-old Sliman Salah was playing when a gas canister landed next to him. Large doses of anticonvulsants were required to control the boy’s seizures and maintain consciousness. His symptoms “were finally brought under control five days after his exposure to the gas. But Salah’s father says the boy is still suffering from stomach pains, vomiting, dizziness and breathing problems.”
02.03.2001: In Al-Bireh, the IOF fired black gas similar to the one used in Khan Yunis.
24. 03.2001: Dr. Yasser Sheikh, Nasser Hospital: “..within the space of an hour, about 50 gas inhalation cases arrived..their symptoms were ..severe excretions of fluids, extreme difficulty in breathing, recurrent convulsions…didn’t respond to [tear gas] treatments…most people continued to complain of recurring symptoms – strange aches in the joints, various blotches on the skin, chest pains, continuous headaches… we still have 10 cases who we would like to send abroad for treatment.”
26.03. 2001: “After Israeli forces operating east of Gaza City fired “new” orange gas, with “a nice-smell and delicious taste upon inhalation. Then the inhaler feels tired throughout the body, their muscles loosen, and they suffer from breathing difficulties. The gas also leaves red signs on the skin, causing agitation. Some hours later, the inhaler suffers severe abdominal pains.”
30.03. 2001: “Medical sources in the West Bank city of Nablus reported Israeli occupation forces using “a highly effective gas with unfamiliar symptoms, similar to that used first in Khan Yunis on February 12, 2001.”
June 10 2004: The use of an unknown black gas
“Report by Gush Shalom, Israel’s ‘Peace Bloc’ – “What the army used here yesterday was not tear gas. We know what tear gas is, what it feels like. That was something totally different…When we were still a long way off…they started shooting things like this one (holding up a dark green metal tube with the inscription “Hand and rifle grenade no.400” – in English). Black smoke came out. Anyone who breathed it lost consciousness immediately, more than a hundred people. They remained unconscious for nearly 24 hours. One is still unconscious..They had high fever and their muscles became rigid. Some needed urgent blood transfusion.” Report by medical units serving Zawiya: “On June 10th, 2004, the two clinics in Al-Zawiya treated 130 patients for gas inhalation. The patients were children, women, old people and young men. Dr. Abu Madi related that there was a high number of cases of [tetany], spasm in legs and hands, connected to the nervous system. Pupils were dilated…Other symptoms included shock, semi-consciousness, hyperventilation, irritation and sweating….the gas used against the protestors is not tear gas but possibly a nerve gas.”” International Press Center (PNA): “Official and public sources in… Al-Zawya… asserted that those who have inhaled the tear gas IOF troops fired at them four days ago are still suffering from the effects of the gas…a number of those citizens have already had amnesias or partial memory loss, in addition to cramps…in addition to strange cramps every three hours… those who inhaled the gas are still suffering severe pains in the joints and nausea for four days now. Eyewitnesses recalled that the Israeli soldiers were keen on picking the empty tear gas canisters…” Journalists told IPC “that the gas was in different colors they have never seen coming out of a tear gas canister before, and that some gases had an unrecalled smell.”
2006: The use of DIME bombs
“It’s been almost five months since the first report that Israeli drone aircraft have been dropping a “mystery weapon” on Palestinians in the Gaza Strip. Since then, news media around the world have run stories depicting the strange and “horrific” wounds inflicted by the new bomb. The international press has spoken with Palestinian doctors and medics who say Israel’s new device is a kind of chemical weapon that has significantly increased the fatality rate among the victims of Israeli attacks. In mid-October, Italian investigators reported forensic evidence that suggests the new weapon may also represent the near future of US “counterinsurgency warfare”. Combined with photographs of the victims and testimony from attending doctors, this evidence points to the use of Dense Inert Metal Explosives (DIME). DIME is an LCD (“low collateral damage”) weapon developed at the US Air Force Research Laboratory. Publicly, it is slated for initial deployment in 2008. DIME bombs produce an unusually powerful blast within a relatively small area, spraying a superheated “micro-shrapnel” of powdered Heavy Metal Tungsten Alloy (HMTA). Scientific studies have found that HMTA is chemically toxic, damages the immune system, rapidly causes cancer, and attacks DNA (genotoxic).”[3]
2008/2009: The use of white phosphorous
During the Gaza genocide, Israel used illegal, forbidden weapons against unarmed civilians who were besieged and had no place to run to, no shelters in hide in. “Human Rights Watch (HRW) stated that the Israeli Army is using White Phosphorus in its artillery shells against the Gaza Strip. Researchers of HRW said that they observed on January 9th and January 10th, several artillery shells fired by the Israelis near Gaza and Jabalia, and that these shells apparently included white-phosphorus. Using this type of shells, in this manner, is banned by international humanitarian law, the group added. The shells are capable of burning human flesh right down to the bone and are capable of setting structures, fields and other civilian facilities on fire. The group added that using this kind of shells against the most populated area in the world, Gaza, causes magnified harm, and called on Israel to stop firing these shells.”[4] The New Weapons Research Committee states in a recent study that: “the 2006 and 2009 Israeli bombings on Gaza left a high concentration of toxic metals in soil, which can cause tumours, fertility problems, and serious effects on newborns, like deformities and genetic pathologies.”[5] According to the evidence collected by the group, Israel used white phosphorus, Dense Inert Metal Explosive (DIME), sub-lethal targeted weapons and experimented new non-conventional weapons on the civilian population of Gaza. According to Norwegian doctor Mads Gilbert, who worked at Al-Shifa hospital in Gaza: “many (people) arrive with amputations, with both legs crushed”, and “with wounds which I suspect are produced by Dime weapons”…“Human Rights Watch (HRW) reported from Jerusalem on “Israel’s repeated firing of white phosphorus shells over densely populated areas of Gaza during its recent military campaign was indiscriminate and is evidence of war crimes”.”[6] HRW reported finding “spent shells, canister liners, and dozens of burnt felt wedges containing white phosphorus on city streets, apartment roofs, residential courtyards, and at a United Nations school”[7]. These were manufactured in the United States. After the genocide, the Palestinian Addameer Association for Human Rights registered an increase in miscarriage rates, cancer among children and elderly and an increase in the number of babies born with birth defects. The reason for this increase is the use by the IOF of weapons containing radioactive and toxic material. Addameer reported some 27 cases of babies with birth defects during the period from August till October 2008, in comparison to 47 cases registered for the same period in 2009, most of the cases were found in Jabalya, Beit Hanoun and Beit Lahia where Israeli shelling and attacks were the fiercest.
Back to tear gas, the CS gas canisters, which contain powerful chemical gases, have been used against the civilian population of occupied Palestine long before the First Intifada. Despite being banned in many countries because of its lethality, this gas was/is not only used in Jerusalem, Jenin, Nablus, Bethlehem and Gaza, but in towns and villages occupied in 1948 like the recent use in Um Al-Fahim. And while Israel readily uses this gas against Palestinians, it never uses it against its colonizer population. With time, this innocent-sounding “tear gas” evolved to increase the level of its lethality. They still look the same, the aluminium cylinder ones and later the black rubber round-shaped ones were used. As a child, an onion was enough to ease a little the effects of this gas, or maybe so we thought. Gradually, no onions, no kuffiyeh, not even being far away from where the gas bombs were fired was enough to spare one the unforgettable feeling of taking your final breath. You cannot but inhale this gas, it is so stark that it fills your nose, throat, your head and your whole mind and you feel you are being gassed to death. Whether participating in a peaceful march, a demonstration or a sit-in, whether on the way to school, university or work, whether buying tomatoes in the market, lying on the sick bed in a hospital or listening to the lecturer in a university lecture room, whether sitting with your family at the dinner table, sitting with your friends watching the football game on TV or sleeping in your bed, the “tear gas” is sure to find its way to you. How often all doors and windows were closed in a rush to prevent the poison from invading homes, how often tear gas grenades were kicked back to their senders, the occupation soldiers, to give them a tiny taste of their “harmless” weapon, and how often Israeli occupation army spokespersons would rush to appear smiling on TV screens, give interviews, be quoted in newspapers telling the families of the victims and the hundreds of eyewitnesses that their children and their comrades caused their own death and that, despite all evidence clear as the sun, tear gas is not lethal at all.
The Israeli occupation army claims tear gas is used merely to disperse crowds and as means to break up “riots”, but contrary to their claims it is used as a weapon, much like live ammunition. Tear gas is used in high concentration (tens of canisters fired in short time) in open areas to increase its lethality, causing a gas cloud to engulf the protesters as often witnessed during many Palestinian protests. Best description of it is one I found in an old publication about the use of tear gas during the First Intifada. The 1989 Palestine Human Rights Information Centre report says: “Rather than dispersing demonstrations the gas is used to catch demonstrators in a toxic cloud, surrounding them without an avenue of escape. Gathering places, whether mosques, churches, hospitals or the playgrounds of elementary school students, have been special targets.”[8] It is also used at times when there is no need to “disperse” anyone, i.e. at times of “relative calm” and during curfews, more as means of collective punishment and harassment of an occupied civilian population. And despite manufacturer warning, tear gas is also used in closed areas such as schools, hospitals, homes and even cars. During the First Intifada and Al-Aqsa Intifada, tear gas was often fired inside homes during curfew when people were confined to their homes leaving the residents with no place to run to. What threat were we when standing one day in the balcony during a curfew when one Israeli occupation soldier stood in front of the house and shot a tear gas canister at us that passed our heads and landed in the house? There were no protests on that day, there was nothing happening; there was a curfew and we were confined to our homes. If, according to the IOF’s twisted way of thinking, the balcony isn’t part of house it is connected to, couldn’t a “go inside” be more appropriate instead of without warning firing a gas canister? No, it’s more enjoyable that way I suppose, for the soldier of course, who didn’t ask questions, just fired that projectile at civilians standing in their own home. The projectile could have easily hit one of us in the head and killed us. Let alone the gas that, being confined under curfew, had filled the house in minutes and would have shocked one of us to death. And as with open areas, to increase the lethality of such a weapon in closed areas – where it is already extremely lethal – , tear gas canisters are fired in great numbers. Many recorded reports from the First Intifada mention not one, not two, but many gas canisters being thrown inside homes. There are also recorded cases where many women in the same area miscarried as a result of the gas. One example is that of eight women from As-Shati’ refugee camp in Gaza who were in their last months of pregnancy and all eight women miscarried on the night of 07-08.03.1988 after Israeli occupation army fired tear gas in their area. One other incident from the First Intifada is that of the bus in the Jenin bus station. The bus was filled with some 50 pupils waiting for the bus to fill and take them home. An Israeli army patrol arrived and one Israeli soldier threw a gas bomb in the bus causing many pupils to faint and a number were in serious condition and had to be taken immediately to hospital for treatment. These tear gas canisters are combustible and have in several cases caused fires, damage to property and even in one reported case burning to death. One recoded incident is that of a 4 year old from Gaza who was burned to death and his 2 siblings suffered severe wounds when a gas canister fired at their home entered the house and set the stove on fire. There are also recorder cases where tear gas canisters, exactly like bullets, were fired directly at individual protesters hitting them directly. During the First Intifada a number of Palestinians lost organs as a result of being directly hit by tear gas canister. Most recently, Basim Abu Rahmah, Jawaher’s brother, was killed on 17.04.2009 when he was directly hit in the chest by a tear gas canister. Moreover, according to the 1989 report of the Palestine Human Rights Information Centre, the chemicals used in the tear gas canisters allow the gas to stick to walls, clothes, food for long period after it had been fired. The report found that “Residues of CS gas, one of the gases in use, remaining on food, can break down into cyanide when the food is cooked, even long after exposure.”[9] It continues to describe the case of Wujdan Khalid from Khan Younis in Gaza who was baking bread in her home on 23.01.1989 when soldiers fired tear gas grenades. The cloud entered the room where she was causing her to collapse. On the way to hospital, she was delayed by Israeli occupation soldiers and died half an hour after reaching hospital. Her nine month fetus Sa’d died also. The report adds that 5 months after the death of Wujdan, the room in which she was baking was still reeking with gas. Another report describes the case of Khalid Hassan Ahmad An-Najjar from Ash-Shati’ refugee camp, who died of tear gas inhalation on 04.05.1988. Doctors reported that upon reaching hospital, An-Najjar’s whole body smelled of tear gas.
One typical Zionist comment on the murder of Jawaher Abu Rahmeh was: “What was she doing at a protest except for inhaling tear gas.”
If a Palestinian pupil is killed by the IOF while on the way to school, Zionist go cry: she was walking in the way of the bullet so it might hit and kill her, and she did this so Israel get blamed for her death.
If a Palestinian worker is killed by the IOF at an Israeli military checkpoint, Zionists go cry: he held a water bottle so the soldiers feel threatened by the water and kill him, and he did this so Israel get blamed for his death.
If a Palestinian father is killed by the IOF while working in the field, Zionists go cry: he chose to stand beneath the missile so it hit and kill him, and he did this so Israel get blamed for his death.
If a Palestinian mother is killed while baking at home, Zionists go cry: she left her window open so the bullet enter and hit and kill her, and she did this so Israel get blamed for her death.
If a Palestinian baby is killed by the IOF or the Zionist colonists, Zionists go cry: the baby was born to be a threat to Israel and when we protect ourselves by killing that baby, the world goes calling us terrorists.
If a man, woman, elderly, if any Palestinian is killed by the IOF or the Zionist colonists, Zionists go cry: they wanted to be killed, they asked for it.
And according to the twisted Zionist mind: Jawaher, who stood together with other women watching the peaceful march, chose to stand and watch so she might inhale the poisonous gas and be killed. And according to the twisted Zionist mind: all Palestinians do this; we stand in front of bullets, beneath missiles, in the face of bombs just so we get killed and so Israel, poor innocent peace-loving Israel, get blamed for our death. So, we are born, we breathe, we live, we eat, we drink, we dream, we play, we work just so Israeli soldiers kill us and just so we blame Israel for killing us.
No, Zionists. We stand tall and we fight for our rights, we fight for our freedom, we fight for the land of our fathers and our ancestors. We stand up to the occupation that is murdering our land and we stand up to the oppression that is murdering us. We struggle for freedom, for life and for justice, and it is you, you Zionist colonizers, are the one who cause death, spread death and love death. We honour our martyrs, we honour their sacrifices, and their names are carved in our collective memory as well as in our books. And we remember the crimes of the Zionist entity, we remember every single crime they committed, every single soul they murdered, every single tree they usurped, every single home they demolished, every single village they erased, every single smile they wiped off, every single tear they caused, every single blood drop they spilled. We remember and we will never forget nor will we ever forgive. We love life, but we love Palestine more; and one free breath under the sky of Palestine is more precious than a thousand years in captivity, because life in slavery and in oppression is no life, it is a very slow and painful death, and we Palestinians love life; a free dignified life. And it is because we love life, because we thirst for freedom, that we are willing to sacrifice our lives so future generations enjoy the freedom we are denied.
During the First Intifada some 90 Palestinians and during Al-Aqsa Intifada no less than 20 Palestinians were murdered by the poisonous tear gas used by the Israeli occupation forces. Following is a list of the martyrs:
Husni Sa’adeh Al-Mahsiri (85 yrs old) from Al-Bireh, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 18.12.1987
Ra’id Mohammad Fathi Obeid (3 yrs old) from Jabalia RC, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 02.01.1988
Rana Yousif Idwan (1 yr old) from Deir Al-Balah RC, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 04.01.1988
‘Atef Mahmoud Dakhlan (19 yrs old) from Khan Younis, Gaza, shot dead by the IOF on 05.01.1988
Shukriyeh Hafith Faris (42 yrs old), from Khan Younis, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 09.01.1988 (was pregnant)
Wujdan Hafith Rajab Faris (35 yrs old) from Khan Younis, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 10.01.1988 (was pregnant in 7th month)
Amira Ahmad Omar Abu ‘Askar (35 yrs old), from Jabalia RC, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 11.01.1988 (was pregnant)
Sami Ali Jum’a Badaha (4 months old), from Deir Ammar RC, Ramallah, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 13.01.1988
Ra’id Salman (10 yrs old), from Jabalia RC, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 13.01.1988
Ayman Mohammad Ata (20 yrs old) from At-Tuffah, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 13.01.1988
Mustafa Hussein Hirzallah (52 yrs old) from Ein Beit Ilma’ RC, Nablus, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 13.01.1988
Imad Hamdi Abu ‘Asi (10 days old), from Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 14.01.1988
Mohammad Rudwan Tabazah (18 yrs old), from Nseirat RC, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 14.01.1988
Naji Hassan Mohammad Ali (45 yrs old) from Qabatia, Jenin, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 14.01.1988
Baby of Ibrahim Qasri (40 days old), from Am’ari RC, Ramallah, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 16.01.1988
Abdel Fattah Rashid Oweidah (60 days old), from Qalqilia, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 17.01.1988
Haitham Basim Shqeir (7 months old), from Qalqilia, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 17.01.1988
Amnah Darwish Atallah Darwish (90 yrs old), from Ad-Daraj, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 17.01.1988
Fatima Mohammad Al-Walidi (55 yrs old), from Khan Younis, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 22.01.1988
Shamieh Jarrar (90 yrs old), from Silit Al-Harthiyyeh, Jenin, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 24.01.1988
Fatima Ata Mousa Salman (30 yrs old), from Beit Safafa, Jerusalem, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 24.01.1988
Sliman Abdil-Ghani Tahir (65 yrs old), from Baqa As-Sharqiyyah, Tulkarim, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 02.03.1988
Khitam Sabri ‘Arram (10 yrs old), from Rafah, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 04.03.1988
Yousif Yahya Shahin Hassouneh (3 months old), from Deir Al-Balah RC, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 07.03.1988
Shirin Mohammad Mousa ’layyan (4 months old), from Deir Al-Balah RC, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 07.03.1988
Mohammad Samih Ash-Sheikh (11 yrs old), from Beit Fajjar, Bethlehem, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 07.03.1988
Basim Khalil Al-Krunz (7 days old), from Al-Fawwar RC, Hebron, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 08.03.1988
Sana’ Samir ‘Ibeid (40 days old), from Khan Younis RC, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 09.03.1988
Yasir Ahmad Ad-Da’our (10 yrs old), from Jabalia, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 10.03.1988
Salah Said Al-‘Attar (22 yrs old), from Rafah, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 12.03.1988
Yahya Khalil Al-Mughrabi (2 months old), from Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 12.03.1988
Mohammad Hasan Is-Skafi, (5 yrs old), from Gaza, suffocated and burned to death by gas fired by the IOF on 12.03.1988
Jum’a Khalil At-Tufi (50 yrs old), from Al-‘Am’ari RC, Ramallah, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 17.03.1988
Hani Ibrahim Abu Hamam (24 yrs old), from Ash-Shati’ RC, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 17.03.1988
Subhi Abu Shara (25 yrs old) from Rafah, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 17.03.1988
Mohammad Ali Abu Hajar (70 yrs old), from Jabalia RC, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 18.03.1988
‘Ula Omar Abu Sharifa (5 months old), from Deir Al-Balah RC, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 19.03.1988
Nimir Mawafqi (45 yrs old), from Qalqilia, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 19.03.1988
Omar Hasan Abu Maraheel (24 yrs old) from Beit Hanoun, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 21.03.1988
Kamleh Ahmad Sharaf (55 yrs old), from Al-Bureij RC, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 21.03.1988
Hasan Faris Ikmel (70 yrs old), from Qabatia, Jenin, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 22.03.1988
Mustafa Mohammad Al-Froukh (60 yrs old), from Ash-Shati’ RC, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 23.03.1988
Nabila Ali Al-Yaziji (35 yrs old), from Ash-Sheikh Rudwan, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 26.03.1988 (was pregnant)
Nasir Abdallah Kmeil (20 yrs old), from Qabatia, Jenin, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 03.04.1988
Rajab Ahmad A-Salibi (75 yrs old), from Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 04.04.1988
Ishaq Abu Sha’ban (60 yrs old), from Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 05.04.1988
Subhiyeh Rashid Mankush (55 yrs old), from Ash-Shati’ RC, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 08.04.1988
Hasan Mahmoud Qa’oud (22 yrs old), from Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 12.04.1988
Mahmoud Hasan (55 yrs old), from Ash-Shati’ RC, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 13.04.1988
Watfa Abdel-Latif Farajallah (70 yrs old), from Jabalia RC, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 13.04.1988
Jamil Hussein ‘Alqam (7 days old), from Shu’fat RC, Jerusalem, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 18.04.1988
Nizar Mohammad Ahmad Masad, from Faqqou’a, Jenin, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 19.04.1988
Mohammad Hasan Nassar (24 yrs old), from Nuseirat RC, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 20.04.1988
Na’ima Mohammad Abdel Aziz ‘Adi (56 yrs old), from Beit Ummar, Hebron, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 23.04.1988
Mohammad Samhan (52 yrs old), from Ras Karkar, Ramallah, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 24.04.1988
Khalid Hasan An-Najjar (52 yrs old), from Ash-Shati’ RC, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 04.05.1988
Salim Mohammad ‘Amir (2 months old), from Khan Younis, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 07.05.1988
Dina Mounir As-Sawafiri (3 yrs old), from Az-Zaytoun, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 27.05.1988
Mohammad Anwar Abu Kharma (2 days old), from Nablus, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 09.06.1988
Maysa’ Mohammad Jamal Al-Hawwareen (40 days old), from Dheisheh RC, Bethlehem, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 13.06.1988
Baby of Mazin Shihadeh Abu Jahsh, from Jenin RC, Jenin, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 16.06.1988
Tawfiq Ja’far Malalha (75 yrs old), from Qabatia, Jenin, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 30.06.1988
Mohammad Khalid Sh’elo (36 yrs old), from Nablus, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 30.06.1988
Tha’er ‘Adnan Abdel Majid Badir (2 months old), from Jabalia RC, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 24.07.1988
Nidal Yousif ‘Amer (7 months old), from Khan Younsi, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 01.08.1988
Omar Mohammad Hajjo (63 yrs old) from Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 16.08.1988
Khalil Yousif Ba’lousha (42 yrs old), from Jabalia RC, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 23.08.1988
‘Ala’ Ibrahim Abu Foul (13 yrs old), from Ash-Shati’ RC, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 24.08.1988
Mohammad Sharif Mahmoud Al-‘Azza (2 yrs old), from Ramallah, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 07.09.1988
Abdel-Karim Baroud, from Rafah, Gaza, shot dead by the IOF on 07.09.1988
Mohammad Tayeh Abdallah ‘Ata (52 yrs old), from Tulkarim RC, Tulkarim, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 19.09.1988
Dawlat Daoud Al-Masri (18 yrs old), from Jabalia RC, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 27.09.1988 (was pregnant in 6th month)
Nisreen Jihad An-Nawajha (3 yrs old), from Khan Younis, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 27.10.1988
Mousa Mohammad Mousa Jhem (4 months old), from Tulkarim RC, Tulkarim, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 27.10.1988
Ibrahim Daoud Abdallah (48 yrs old), from Al-Yamoun, Jenin, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 04.12.1988
Mahmoud Seifallah Al-‘Arja (23 yrs old), from Rafah RC, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 11.06.1989
Ahmad Hussein Al-Khawaja (71 yrs old), from Aida RC, Bethlehem, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 14.01.1989
Dirin Atif As-Skafi (10 month old), from Hebron, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 18.07.1989
Isa Daoud Hammad Abu Haniyyeh (42 yrs old), from Dheisheh RC, Bethlehem, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 20.01.1989
Qasim Abdel Rahman An-Natshah (64 yrs old), from Hebron, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 07.04.1989
Islam Sufian Abu Dhalfa (25 days old), from Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 15.01.1989
Shirin Omar Ash-Sheikh (3 months old) from Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 25.03.1989
Mohammad Mahmoud Abu Karsh (45 yrs old), from Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 12.04.1991
Abdel Salam Ibrahim (71 yrs old), from Fundqmiyyah, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 30.07.1991
Fatima Al-‘Abid Yousif Al-Khawaja (70 yrs old), from Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 25.04.1992
Fahmi Ash-Sharafi (29 yrs old), from Jabalia, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 22.01.1993
Rabi’a Ibrahim Ash-sharafi (48 yrs old), from Jabalia, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 19.06.1993
Khadra ahmad Abu Salameh (57 yrs old) from Faqqu’a, Jenin, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 03.10.2000
Mousa ‘Eid Shihadeh, from Jabalia, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 18.10.2000
Hind Nidal Abu Qweider (24 days old), from Hebron, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 04.11.2000
Jamal Ibrahim Ahamd ‘Iwan (35 yrs old), from Sinjil, Ramallah, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 14.11.2000
Nasir An-Najjar, from Khan Younis, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 19.11.2000
Hamid Jabir Al-Qittati (60 yrs old), from Rafah, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 20.11.2000
Ibrahim Abdel Jabbar Kahla (25 yrs old), from Rammoun, Ramallah, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 28.11.2000
Mousa Misbah Mwafi (34 yrs old), from Rafah, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 29.11.2000
Maram Imad Hassounneh (3 yrs old), from Ramallah, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 23.11.2000
Subhi Mohammad Ahmad Abu Na’na’ (22 yrs old), from Rafah, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 06.12.2000
Mohammad Said Ghanim Hannoun (74 yrs old), from Sielet Ath-Thahir, Jenin, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 11.01.2001
Khayrieh Salih Mohammad Zeidan Alawneh (77 yrs old) from Jaba’, Jenin, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 28.03.2001
Abdel Latif Hasan Ridwan (65 yrs old), from ‘Azzun, Qalqilia suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 22.09.2001
‘Ahid Rasmi Ali Hamad (5 yrs old), from Hebron, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 11.04.2002
Khadir Abdel Fattah Ar-Rajabi (54 yrs old), from Silwan, Jerusalem, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 13.06.2002
Mohammad Ahmad Mubarak (12 yrs old), from Nablus, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 29.06.2002
Gharam Ibrahim Manna’ (1 yrs old), from Ath-Thahriyeh, Hebron, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 26.09.2002
Rashid Bani Odeh (75 yrs old), from Tammoun, Jenin, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 31.01. 2003
Fawzi Ahmad Fawzi ‘Alami (93 yrs old), from Askar RC, Nablus, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 09.08.2003
Hind Sleiman Ash-Sharathah (23 yrs old), from Jabalia, Gaza, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 01.12.2003
Mohammad Ahmad Abu Sarah (14 months old), from Il-‘Isawiyyeh, Jerusalem, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 24.09.2010
Jawaher Abu Rahmah (36 years old), from Bil’in, suffocated by gas fired by the IOF on 01.01.2011
Sources:
www.pchrgaza.org
www.vtjp.org
www.alhaq.org
Footnotes:
[1] http://www.newjerseysolidarity.org/resources/roots/chapter13.html
[2] http://www.pchrgaza.org/files/W_report/English/15-02-2001.htm
[3] http://www.palestinemonitor.org/spip/spip.php?article799
[4] http://imemc.org/article/58420
[5] http://www.indepthnews.net/news/news.php?key1=2009-12-19%2015:03:16&key2=1
[6] Ibid
[7] Ibid
[8] PHRIC: Uprising In Palestine. 1989
[9] Ibid.
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